{"id":1481,"date":"2022-08-18T20:39:28","date_gmt":"2022-08-18T20:39:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/?p=1481"},"modified":"2022-08-22T19:53:31","modified_gmt":"2022-08-22T19:53:31","slug":"defectivity-kinande","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/defectivity-kinande\/","title":{"rendered":"Defectivity in Kinande"},"content":{"rendered":"

[This is part of a series of\u00a0defectivity case studies<\/a>.]<\/p>\n

I have already written a bit about reduplication in Kinande<\/a>; it too is an example of inflectional defectivity, and here I’ll focus on that fact.<\/p>\n

In this language, most verbs participate in a form of reduplication with the semantics of roughly ‘to hurriedly V’ or ‘to repetitively V’. Mutaka & Hyman (1990; henceforth MH), argue that the reduplicant is a bisyllabic prefix. For instance, the reduplicated form of e-ri-gend-a<\/em> ‘to leave’ is\u00a0e-ri-gend-a-<\/span>gend-a\u00a0<\/em>‘to leave hurriedly’, with the reduplicant underlined. (In MH’s terms, e-<\/em> is the “augment”, -ri<\/em>\u00a0the “prefix”, and\u00a0-a<\/em> is the “final vowel” morpheme.)<\/p>\n

Certain verbal suffixes, known to Bantuists as extensions<\/em>, may also be found in the reduplicant when the reduplicant would otherwise be less than bisyllabic. For instance, the passive suffix, underlyingly \/-u-\/, surfaces as [w] and is copied by reduplication. Thus for the verb root hum<\/em> ‘beat’ the passive\u00a0e-ri-hum-w-a<\/em> reduplicates as\u00a0e-ri-hum-w-a<\/span>-hum-w-a<\/em>. More interesting is there are “unproductive” (MH’s term) extensions.1<\/sup> Verbs bearing these extensions rarely have a compositional semantic relationship with their unextended form (if an unextended verb stem exists at all). For instance, whereas luh-uk<\/strong>-a<\/em> \u2018take a rest\u2019 may be semantically related to luh-a<\/em> \u2018be tired’, but there is no unextended *b\u00e1t-a<\/em> to go with b\u00e1t-uk<\/strong>-a<\/em> \u2018move\u2019.<\/p>\n

Interesting things happen when we try to reduplicate unproductivity extended monosyllabic verb roots. For some such verbs, the extension is not reduplicated; e.g., e-r\u00ed-bang-uk<\/strong>-a<\/em> \u2018to jump about\u2019 has a reduplicated form e-r\u00ed-bang-a-<\/span>bang-uk-<\/strong>a<\/em>. This is the same behavior found for “productive” extensions. For others, the extension is reduplicated, producing a trisyllabic\u2014instead of the normal bisyllabic\u2014reduplicant; e.g., e-ri-hurut<\/strong>-a\u00a0<\/em>\u2018to snore\u2019 has a reduplicated form e-ri-hur-ut-<\/strong><\/span>a-hur-ut-<\/strong>a<\/em>. Finally, there are some stems\u2014all monosyllabic verb roots with unproductive extensions\u2014which do not undergo reduplication; e.g., e-r\u00ed-bug-ul<\/strong>-a\u00a0<\/em>‘to find’ does not reduplicate and neither *e-r\u00ed-bug-a<\/span>-bug-ul<\/strong>-a\u00a0<\/em>or *e-r\u00ed-bug-ul<\/strong>-a<\/span>-bug-ul<\/strong>-a\u00a0<\/em>exist.<\/p>\n

While one could imagine there are certain semantic restrictions on reduplication, like in Chaha<\/a>, MH make no mention of such restrictions in Kinande. If possible, we should rule out this as a possible explanation for the aforementioned defectivity.<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/h1>\n
    \n
  1. I will segment these with hyphens though it may make sense to regard some unproductive extensions as part of morphologically simplex stems.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    References<\/h1>\n

    Mutaka, N. and Hyman, L. M. 1990. Syllables and morpheme integrity in Kinande reduplication. Phonology<\/em>\u00a07: 73-119.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    [This is part of a series of\u00a0defectivity case studies.] I have already written a bit about reduplication in Kinande; it too is an example of inflectional defectivity, and here I’ll focus on that fact. In this language, most verbs participate in a form of reduplication with the semantics of roughly ‘to hurriedly V’ or ‘to … Continue reading “Defectivity in Kinande”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28,4,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1481","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-defectivity","category-language","category-phonology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1481","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1481"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1481\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1492,"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1481\/revisions\/1492"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wellformedness.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}